
4 O 





<^°^ 



.^' 



,.^^'\W/J\' 









N-^-^i. 







"''<^^ 
'f' 

"^^ 




n.0 











•>%, c^ 















o > 











'-^^0^ 



•»bv^ 



'/,■ 



'^^. 






"^ ' 








.•iq. 






o * . ( 


^ ■ 


-«- 




o 






/ 


>J> 


,v 


^ 


^^^ 


•>^ 


■y 


<<> 



^0■ 



*-. ' o » o 






^•"•n^. 









'^' 






->.^\"' 



vV 






"°o 









"-. 









.^' 



<' 






V 



<#•. 






V * » , o ' -^^ 



•^o. 



°.. 









.0" , 







,-> q. 



"^ v^' 'V 







i-- \.^' ■■ 




,<^yf 


iV-*' 




^^ ''''<^ 












.^^'"-. 



0^ 



^-., 



•<-'\ 

.v^^ 



^. 



-0" 



•I o 



,0' 






^<. 



-^.■^^^ 



AMONG THE TELUGOOS 

Illustrating Mission IVork in India 



BY 



M. Julia Harpster 

Of the Mission of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Guntur 



PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR 



PHILADELPHIA: 

LUTHERAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY 

1902 



THE i-iBRARV OF 

GCNGRESS, 
Xwo CuKtES Received 

DEC. 20 1901 

COPVRIQHT ENTRY 

CLASSa; XXa NO. 
COPT B. 



Copyright, 1902, 
By M. Julia Harpster. 



:s^'9 






^^' 



/ 



FOREWORD. 

In the preparation of this little hook there has been but one impelling motive— a possible benefit to 
the cause of Missions. 

There is, for the young and for the old, a perennial charm in pictures. Trail/ mah^s its way 
most successfully through the eye. Believing this, the idta occurred that, if the great work we are doing 
in India as a Mission were pictorially represented to the people at home— represented so that they could 
see it— it might secure a hearing and thus a help ichich, perhaps, much more pretentious and altogether 
higher efforts mip,ht be unable to get for it. It will be admitted by all that the great cause of 
Missions needs all the representation it can get from any and all sources. 

The explanations, whilst kept down to the narrowest limits, are yet of sufficient length, it is 
believed, to make the illustrations sufficiently intelligible. 

In the hope that it may make some contribution, however small, towards securing a greater inter- 
est in the hearts and benefactions of our people, we send forth the little book to make its way. 

M. J. H. 



Rev. C. F. Heyer, M. D. 

4' ^ * 

The founder of the American Lutheran Mission was the Rev. C. F. Heyer, M. D., 
who entered upon the Foreign Mission work, after an experience of over a quarter of a 
century as a Home Missionary in what was then "the Far West" of the United States. Sailing 
for India on the fourteenth of October, 1841, he arrived in Guntur, now the centre of the Gen- 
eral Synod's missionary operations, July 31, 1842, and at once set to work with indefatigable 
energy. The first year he baptized two converts. When he finally retired from India in 1870 
the converts had increased to nearly one thousand. Although other men builded thereon, so 
that the one thousand have become twenty-one thousand, yet to Dr. Heyer will always 
belong the honor of having laid the foundation. "Father Heyer," as he was familiarly called, 
had all the qualities of a great missionary. He was a man of large hope and of an energy 
and force of character that triumphed over all difficulties ; and he had many to contend with. 
He was essentially a pioneer. He could endure hardness with stoical indifference. The 
Englishmen who came in contact with him, many of whom made him their almoner, regarded 
him very highly. In the native Church his name is greatly revered. He spent the closing- 
days of his life as chaplain in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Here, 
honored by students and professors, he died November 7, 1873, aged eighty-one years. 

4 




/ 



Missionaries in the American Evangelical Lutheran Mission, Quntur 



^ ^ :{? 



Arrived. 

Rev. Lemon L. Uhl. Ph. D 1870 

Mrs. Lemon L. Uhl. (In America. ) 187-5 

Rev. Luther B. Wolf, M. A 1882 

Mrs. Luther B. Wolf. (In America.) 1882 

Rev. John H. Harpster, D. D 1872 

Mrs. John H. Harpster 1893 

Miss Anna S. Kugler, M. D 1882 

Rev. John Aberly, M. A 1890 

Mrs. John Aberly 1890 

Rev. George W. Albrecht, Ph. D 1892 

Mrs. George W. Albrecht 1890 

Miss Katharine Fahs 1894 

Miss Jessie Brewer 1894 




r 






RKV. L. L. UnL. PH. D. 



MltS. L. L. UilL. 



RKV. I,. H. WOl.l-, M. A. 



MKS. 1.. IJ U (U.K. 








L\ , J. II. HARPSTKH, D. D. 



.MRS. J. II. HAKI'STl.U 



MISS ANNA S. KUtlLKR. M. D. 



HKV. JOHN ABKHLY, .M. A. 



MUS, JOHN ,\lii;UI-V. 







REV. GKO. ALBRF.CHT. PH. D. 



MRS. C.KO. AI-BRECHT. 



MISS KATHARINE FAHS. 



MISS JESSIE BKEWEH. 



Missionaries in the American Evangelical Lutheran Mission, Quntur 

^ * :(? 

Arrived. 

Miss Mary Baer, M. D igg^ 

Miss Annie E. Sanford, B. A 1895 

Miss Mary C. Knauss, B. S 1896 

Rev. Victor McCauley, M. A 1898 

Rev. Allen O. Becker, M. A 1898 

Mrs. Allen O. Becker, B. A 1898 

Rev. Sylvester C. Burger, M. A 1898 

Mrs. Sylvester C. Burger 1901 

Rev. Edwin H. Miiller 1899 

*Mrs. Edwin H. Miiller 1899 

Rev. Edwin C. Harris, M. A 1899 

Mrs. Edwin C. Harris 1899 

Miss Elizabeth Stanley, B. A 1900 

*Miss Ellen B. Schuff, B. A 1900 



* Photograph not available. 

8 





MIS9 ^tAnY BAER, M. V. 



MISS AN'XA K. ^Wrr.Hn. VI. A. 





RKV. ALLEN O. BECKER. M. A. 



MRS. ALLEX O. BECKER. B. A. 





REV. E. H. MrELLFR. 



RFV. FPWTV C. HARniS. M. A. 





MISS MAHY KNAIHS. H. S. 



nv.v. virTOR m caulf.v. m. a. 





REV. S. C. BURGER. M. A. 



MRS. S. C. BURGER 





^fRfl. FDWTN r. HARRIS 



MISS KI.TZ. STA>n,EY, B. A. 



Father Heyer's Banyan Tree 

'^ r^ '^ 

The banyan tree, shown on the opposite page, was planted by Dr. Heyer, the founder of 
American Lutheran Missions in India, nearly sixty years ago. As seen in the illustration, 
it has grown to a great size. It is the nature of the banyan to send down thread-like fibres 
from the lower branches, which upon reaching the ground, take root, support the branches, 
and furnish sap for the nutrition of the tree, thus causing it to extend, often over large 
areas. So, as will be seen from subsequent pages of this book, the tree of Gospel life and 
light which Dr. Heyer planted in Guntur sixty years ago has grown and spread. In the 
year in which he planted this beautiful banyan, he could report only two accessions. In over 
six hundred villages in the Guntur Mission, in two out of every three villages in some parts 
of the field, the Gospel has taken root and grown and congregations have been established. 
Each congregation, in its turn, has sent forth roots — often, to be sure, slender and thread- 
like, like the banyan tree — but, which, during the years that have come and gone, have grown 
strong to endure the stress of storm and adverse winds, and to-day these branches at Guntur, 
Narasarowpet, Rentachintala, Rajamundry, Samalkotta, Dowlaishwaram, and in hundreds 
of other towns and villages appear fair to the view, and like the banyan planted by his hands 
perpetuate the memory of the old missionary, whose name is revered alike in the Church in 
India and in America. 



stork Memorial Church, Quntur 

:(? :J: i{? 

The Stork Memorial, or Mission Church, in Guntur was erected in 1877 and was largely 
the gift of Mrs. Emma B. Stork, in memory of her husband. Rev. Theophilus Stork, D. D. 
It is a plain and substantial building with a seating capacity of about two hundred and fifty, 
although many more attend the Sunday morning services. Mats are spread upon the floor 
in the aisles, and in the space in front of the chancel. On these the younger children from the 
boarding schools and orphanages sit, and thus seats for another hundred are provided. 

One of the greatest needs of the Mission is a building that will hold, at least, one thou- 
sand people; and one, even of that seating capacity, would often be inadequate. The diffi- 
culty is sometimes overcome by holding two services, one immediately following the other, 
but this makes it laborious to the missionary, and is open to other objections. This must 
be one of the next enterprises of the Mission — the building of a larger church edifice at 
Guntur. 

An English service is held on Sunday evenings which is attended by the missionaries 
in Guntur, the Mission assistants and other English-speaking residents. 

12 



St. Paul's Church, Rajahmundry 

:Sf * * 

This church is at the centre of the General Council Mission, eighty-five miles to the 
north of Guntur. The Rajahmundry Mission was founded by the North German Mission- 
ary Society in 1843, and united to the Guntur Mission in 1851. When the field was found 
too extensive in 1869 for the resources of the latter Mission, Father Heyer, then in his 
seventy-seventh year, hastened to India from America, took possession of the field and 
placed it in the hands of the General Cotuicil, and re-organized the work. 

Rajahmundry, a city of over thirty-six thousand, is the metropolis of the Godavery dis- 
trict, and is located in a well irrigated, fertile and prosperous country. The territory of this 
Mission is almost as large as the state of Rhode Island, and has a population of over a million. 
St. Paul's Church is a commodious house of worship, seventy feet long, and was consecrated 
at Christmas, i^ 



14 



A Missionary's Camp 

* :$? ^ 

A district missionary is supposed to be on tour several weeks each month, except during 
the intensely hot and rainy seasons. When touring he lives in a tent which is pitched in a 
tope, just outside the village, or in the open field under a large tamarind or margosa tree. 
To-day he is in this village, to-morrow in that. To the right in this view is the missionary's 
sleeping and dining tent. To the left is a small tent for servants. Where villages are not far 
distant, traveling is generally done on horseback, but where the distances are great bandies 
— country carts — are used as a means of conveyance. The small object on extreme left is 
a roadside idol. 



i6 



A Mission Boat. 



pjjrt rJft f^ 



When a mission station is situated on the bank of a river or canal the district missionary 
travels from place to place by boat, such as seen in the illustration on the opposite page. 

This boat is the "Marguerite" and is used by the missionary at Dowlaishwarum in the 
General Council Mission. It has a sleeping room, a dining room, a cook room and servants' 
apartment, making a very comfortable home for the missionary and his family during the 
months they are touring. Often the villages to be visited are several miles from the river 
or canal, but the missionary considers it no hardship to walk that distance. Touring by 
boat is much less fatiguing than in bullock bandies^ or on horseback, or than living in a tent 
that must be moved each day to some distant village ; nor is the expense as great as where 
bullocks and bandies must be hired to convey the tent and luggage from place to place. 

This boat was the gift of friends of the Mission in New York. When it was learned 
that the old mission boat, the "Dove of Peace," had sunk in the Godavery River, these 
friends sent, unsolicited, the money for the purchase of this new boat, the "Marguerite." 



i8 



Missionary Preaching to the Heathen 

•i! '^ ■$! 

It was Christ's way and the way of the Apostles to go to the people, to stand in the streets 
among the multitude and preach the word. 

A missionary who has tact and sympathy with the people never fails to attract an 
audience. In the morning, before they have gone to work in the fields, he may be seen at 
some prominent place in the village street with the crowd about him. At night, after their 
return from their work, he is again in their midst, out in the open, under the moon and stars 
proclaiming the good news of the kingdom of God. He is accompanied by one or two cate- 
chists and by one or more teachers who call the people together, assist in the services, and 
do most of the sinsrinsf. 



Gospel Workers 



The illustration shows a group of native Gospel Workers. All these men are the 
direct product of the Mission. They were all born, baptized and educated in the Mission. 
They are divided into eight different classes, according to their intellectual acquirements 
and devotion to the work. Some of them have preached the Gospel for twenty-five years 
and more. They have grown gray in the service of the Mission. Most of them are work- 
men who need not be ashamed. They live in the villages among the people; many of them 
having as many as five hundred souls under their spiritual care. It has been said that 90 
per cent of all the converts in India are made by native workers. There are 450 native 
workers in the Guntur Mission who give their whole time to the work. The future of the 
Church is in their hands. 



A Native Pastor 

:$7 :^ ^ 

The Rev. Perivalli Abraham is one of our most influential mission workers. He is 
thirty-eight years of age and in the prime of his powers. He is a striking example of what 
the Christian religion can make out of the non-castes; a class of people who for thousands 
of years, until Christianity threw its protecting shield over them, were not allowed to 
approach even the threshold of the temple of knowledge. He entered mission work at an 
early age, and, young as he still is, has spent eighteen years in Gospel work. Under his care 
is a baptized membership of about twelve hundred, scattered over upwards of thirty villages. 



24 



<<^ il 



^.. -^i 




Prayer House and Native Pastor's House 



* * 



In India, as everywhere else, but especially in India, it is essential to the stability of a 
congregation that it have a local habitation. It is difficult to hold a congregation together 
or to systematize Christian work, when the only place of meeting is under a tree, or the open 
street, amid the thousand annoying things peculiar to an Oriental village. And yet hun- 
dreds of our congregations, organized, perhaps a quarter of a century ago, have never had 
any other place of meeting. The Prayer Houses, of which the one shown in the illustration 
is a specimen, it is needless to say, are not very imposing structures ; but they form at least 
a shelter and seclusion during prayer. The cost of erecting a house of this kind is about $25. 
There are many buildings in the Mission which cost $100 and some even $300. The mission- 
aries are aiming to build fewer houses, if that is all that is possible, but better. The figures 
in the foreground are the teacher and wife and child. . , ' - .- 



26 



Arthur Q. Watts College 

:i: ^ :$? 

This imposing structure is one of the finest mission buildings in Southern India. It 
was erected at a cost of one hundred thousand rupees. The walls are of gray granite, the 
woodwork of teakwood brought from Burmah. The upper story is one large hall accom- 
modating about five hundred. On the lower floor are fourteen large and airy class- 
rooms. It draws its students from all over the South Krishna district, and from the 
highest to the lowest classes of native society. According to the mission report for 1900 
it has, together with its affiliated schools, a teaching staff of forty-two instructors, and an 
attendance of 770 pupils. It occupies a sphere of eminent usefulness in the work of evangeli- 
zation. 



28 





m\\\ 



A College Bible Class 



fjh rih rtfi 



An interesting department of the college work is the Sunday School, which has been 
successfully carried on for a great many years. It is held on Sunday mornings at seven o'clock. 
Although the attendance is voluntary, yet hundreds attend at this early hour. The classes 
are taught by some of the missionaries and assistants in the Mission, with the Principal of 
the college as its superintendent. The hour is a profitable and pleasant one, enjoyed by 
pupil and teacher. As the pupils pass out from the college they remember with much pleas- 
ure the Sunday morning Bible hour. The boys in the picture are high caste boys — Brahmins 
and Sudras of the V Form — college class. 



3° 




»*•£ 



Heyer Memorial Hall 



tjc ^ 1^ 



The Heyer Memorial, or Boys' Boarding School, was erected largely by the native 
Church, as a memorial to Father Heyer, the founder of the Mission, and as the fiftieth anni- 
versary or jubilee offering. The missionaries and mission agents who had fixed salaries, each 
subscribed a full month's salary to the fund, and thus Rs. 14,000 were raised for its erection. 
As the salaries of the mission agents are very small, the subscribed money was slow in 
being paid. During the three years of at least partial drought that visited the district, 
what was paid each month meant less food to some already hungry people. And so, to-day, 
the building is not yet finished. The upper story only is completed. A fine large hall it is, 
and serves as a study hall and dormitory for the boys of the Boarding School. 



32 



Teachers and Pupils of the Boys' Boarding School 

:S? ^ * 

As the work of evangelization must be done largely by native workers, Mission Board- 
ing Schools for the training of such workers were established. In the Heyer Memorial in 
Guntur there were 135 pupils in attendance during the past year. These boys are largely 
supported by patrons in America, who by paying twenty-five dollars annually, educate a 
teacher or preacher whose influence will continue to increase as the work of the Mission 
advances. None but the sons of Christian parents are admitted as boarders into the Boys' 
Boarding School. The district missionary, when examining the congregational schools in 
the district, discovers a promising boy. If his reports continue good until he have passed the 
highest grade of the village school, and he have other qualifications that lead the missionary 
to believe that he may develop into an efficient mission worker, he is brought to Guntur and 
placed in the Boarding School, with the only thought in mind that he is being trained to 
teach and preach in the villages, wherever Conference sees fit to send him. All the boys 
in this picture are being trained to preach or teach. 



34 




^ r 1^ r, f^ 



"^^ •«♦ 



•F n ^ 



# f* 






Vi-iL 



•;»--• Sp^ 




Girls' Boarding School and Training School for Mistresses 

:Ie ^ * 

Like the Boys' School, this school for girls was established to train up native workers 
to go out from the school to such work or sphere as Conference may see fit to assign them. 
If a girl shows a disposition to study after she has passed the primary examinations, she is 
encouraged to do so, and is finally entered in the Training School for Mistresses, where 
she receives a normal training. She may then marry one of the more promising young 
men who have gone out from the Boys' School, and together they go forth to the work in the 
villages assigned them ; she, most likely, to teach the village school, and he to engage in evan- 
gelistic work in his own and adjacent villages. Only the daughters of Christian parents are 
admitted to the school as boarders. Many of the girls are supported by patrons in America. 
Neighboring missions avail themselves of this training school and send pupils to the Normal 
class to be prepared to teach in their own mission schools. This is also the temporary home 
of the orphan girls, and will be until the completion of the orphanage which is now in pro- 
cess of erection. In consequence of the growth of the work, this building, like all others, has 
become inadequate to the needs of the Mission. 

36 



Interior of Girls' Boarding Scliool 



^ ip 



From this illustration it will be seen that the Girls' Boarding School interior is pleasant 
and commodious. It affords classrooms during the day. At night each girl spreads her 
mat and blanket upon the tiled floor, and on these she sleeps, and thus it serves as a dor- 
mitory also. 



38 



Caste Girls' School 



:S; * ^ 



This school is for caste girls and is attended by none but pupils of that class. In former 
years Brahmins and others of the higher castes frowned upon female education. Dr. Dun- 
can, former director of public instruction, in a Madras convocation address, said, "The 
intense eagerness to educate your boys and the almost complete indifference towards the 
education of your girls is a phenomenon of Indian society which strikes the foreigner with 
amazement." But the old prejudice is fast dying away. Caste girls are now seen daily in 
large numbers, books in hand, on their way to and from school. The first schools for high 
caste girls in India were opened by Christian missionaries and it is they who initiated the 
movement in every province of the empire. There are fourteen caste girls' schools in the 
General Synod Mission, with over seven hundred pupils in attendance. 



40 



A Christian Village School 



•ip "^ "^ 



The work of training up native workers begins in the village school. If the village is so 
fortunate as to have a Prayer House, the school is held inside, but many are assembled under 
the trees or wherever a suitable place can be found. As the parents are generally very poor, 
the little ones have no slates or primers with which to begin their education. They first learn 
to write in the dust or sand. When in school they sit upon the ground as represented in the 
illustration, and so it is easy for them to make the letters in the sand and after the teacher 
has examined their "copies" to erase them and begin anew. According to Government rules 
the village standard includes vernacular reading, writing and elementary arithmetic. Every 
year an inspector is sent by Government to examine the schools. In addition to the Gov- 
ernment requirements, the Mission requires that each child shall be taught the Catechism, the 
Commandments, the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, Morning and Evening Prayers, Prayer 
before Meals, monthly texts and a number of hymns. Sometimes the teacher of the village 
school is one of the young men who was educated in the Boarding School in Guntur, but 
often it is the wife of one of these trained workers who received a course of training' in 
the Girls' Boarding School. 

42 



The Woman's Hospital 

o!f oS? 4^ 

Although the Hospital has been open for patients but two years, its influence for Chris- 
tianity already extends far beyond the district in which it is located. No better work has 
ever been done by the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General 
Synod than the establishment of this Hospital and the carrying on of this splendid Christian 
work. Hundreds of women and children have received treatment here each year. They 
were from all classes; European, Eurasian, native Christian, Brahmin, Sudra, Mohamme- 
dan, as well as the poorest outcaste. Many, after weeks under the skillful hands of the phy- 
sicians, and the patient, untiring care of the nurses in charge, and daily Bible instruction, have 
gone back to their homes not only healed in body, but religiously changed in heart and life. 



44 



Hospital, Annex and Interior 

The first of these illustrations is of the Main Hospital Building, the second is of the 
Annex or Maternity Ward, to which only maternity cases are admitted. The central pic- 
ture is of the drug room. The compounder seen in this picture recently met a sad death by 
an explosion which occurred in the dispensary. The portrait on the wall is of Miss Annie 
Morris, formerly of Baltimore, who left a handsome bequest to the Hospital. After her 
death, friends in Baltimore placed this excellent portrait and a handsome brass tablet in the 
Hospital to her memory. The picture to the left is of the Medical Ward. To the right is 
the Surgical Ward. One of the beds in this ward is endowed. It is called the Amos bed 
and was endowed in memory of little Jacob Amos, of Syracuse, N. Y. A life size picture of 
him hangs over the bed that bears his name. The lower illustration is the European Ward. 
To this ward none but European patients are admitted. 



46 



Hospital Staff 

:}? * :?: 

A Gosha Hospital is one in which women are kept in seclusion. Hence the staff must 
consist of only doctors, nurses, etc., of their own sex, so that the suffering women of India 
may observe their own customs in this particular and yet be able to obtain the relief they 
need in hours of sickness and pain. In this picture are shown the physicians, the superin- 
tendent of nurses, the nurses, compounders, Bible women, ayahs, night-watchmen and peons. 
All are employed in work in the Hospital except the night-watchman and peons ; their duties 
being outside hospital work. 



Mission Dispensary 



Thousands of women and children receive treatment in the Mission Dispensary each 
year. Between the hours of nine and twelve o'clock, on almost any morning when clinics are 
held, women of all classes may be seen wending their way to the Dispensary. Old and 
young, some in bandies (carts), come carried on charpoys (cots), some less fortunate are 
helped along the way as they come walking, and some come along briskly with bottle in hand 
for medicine for the sick one at home. In this motley company there are all classes, who 
have come from all directions. Some are from villages near by. Some have come over long 
weary roads under the scorching sun, from the Palnad, from Vunukonda and many from 
Guntur. If the patient be found by the physician to be seriously ill or to require continued 
treatment she is sent to the Hospital. If her trouble be not so serious, she is given remedies 
and sent home. There is a large waiting room in the Dispensary where the patients, while 
waiting their turn for treatment, are taught a Bible lesson. 



50 



h 






- --. .,-. - 


^H'^K 




MP 


HiniiPH 


w 


IW*C^!5*^ 


1 


■szj - . 


1: 


.- 









w' 



Mohammedan Women's Industrial School 

•^ ■$: '^ 

Almost the only work that has been done by the Mission among Mohammedans has 
been among women and children, and, until very recently, this school was the only way by 
which they could be reached. In 1884 the school for girls was opened, and four years 
later, in 1888, the Industrial School for Women was established. At finst the establish- 
ment of this institution met with much opposition. Mohammedans are not idolators. They 
hate idol worship. But the priests and leading Mohammedan men were not willing that the 
women and children should be taught the Christian religion. To-day there is no opposi- 
tion whatever to the school. The women in attendance are poor, most of them widows, or 
deserted wives, or wives of men who are not able to support them. They receive their 
entire support from this Mission School. The industry taught is gold and silver embroidery, 
and nowhere in South India is the work sent out from this school excelled. 



52 



Qosha Women 

^ ^ ^ 

"What does Gosha mean?" is often asked. A Gosha woman is one who lives in seclu- 
sion. It is considered a disgrace if any man except a near relative should happen to see 
her face. The women in the Industrial School are nearly all Gosha women and some of them, 
in order not to be seen on the public highway, come to the school in the early morning 
before light and remain until dark in the evening. They wear a boorkha (white cov- 
ering) when occasion requires them to appear on the street or in a railway carriage. Well- 
to-do Gosha women are conveyed from place to place in a covered bandy (covered cart), well 
hung with purdahs (curtains), so as to be protected from the possible glimpse that a man might 
catch of their faces. The Mohammedan sacred books teach that no girl over nine years 
of age should appear on the public street. 



54 



Teachers in the Mohammedan Schools 

* dS: ^ 

The illustration shows a group of teachers in the Mohammedan School. The women 
in this group of teachers are strict Gosha women. The old master in the picture — Yacob 
Khan Sahib — is in charge of the little ones in the school. He calls from home to home and 
brings the children to school in the mornings. He was allowed in this group only on the 
condition that he would stand with his back to the women so that he might not catch sight 
of the face of any one of them while the photograph was being taken. 



56 



Zenana Teaching 

^ * ^ 

"Zenana" among the Hindus, like Gosha among the Mohammedans, implies "seclusion." 
In this illustration we see a Home Class or teaching in the Zenanas. This class is composed of 
high caste women, who, by the social customs of the East, are shut up in their homes, and not 
permitted to be seen by men, except members of their inner family circle. At the present day 
some of the more intelligent Hindus are willing that their wives and daughters shall be 
taught to read. To such homes the Mission sends teachers. Where it is possible for women 
to come unobserved to a central home, a class is formed, or they are taught separately as 
the case may require. The Bible women teach in the Zenanas. Their work is superin- 
tended by a lady missionary, who visits the homes as frequently as possible herself, to learn 
the progress of the pupils, to ascertain the thoroughness of the teacher's work and to 
impart further instruction herself. The principal text-book used in Zenana teaching is the 
Bible. In some missions useful handiwork is taught. 



58 



Group of Bible Women 

^S? ^fc ^S? 

To carry on mission work successfully native agents must be employed. Women are 
necessary to teach in the Zenanas where male missionaries are not allowed, and as Bible 
teachers in the hospital, dispensary and caste girls' schools. This is a group of Bible 
women whose work is in Guntur. The most of them are widows whose husbands also 
were formerly engaged in mission work. They are specially trained and have had years 
of experience in teaching. They present the truth in a simple forceful way that seldom 
fails to hold the close attention of their listeners. In the town of Guntur alone this group 
of women teach the Bible to thousands of women and children each year. Withovit their help 
much of the Zenana work could not be carried on. 



60 



Narasarowpet Mission Station 

ijl* ^f *ji* 

The mission station of Narasarowpet is twenty-eight miles from Guntur. The first in 
this group of pictures is the Nichols Memorial Bungalow. It was erected by the young men 
of the General Synod, in memory of Rev. John Nichols, who died in Guntur in 1886. It 
is the residence of the missionary in charge of the Narasarowpet, Vinukonda and Kanagiri 
taluqs and is the headquarters of the three taluqs. The central picture is the church at 
Narasarowpet. It was built by the young people of the General Synod four years ago. The 
third picture is the Narasarowpet Zenana Bungalow. It is the property of the Women's 
Department and is the residence of the Zenana ladies in charge of the Narasarowpet and 
other district work. 



62 




1 1! 



nv^ 




Missionaries' Bungalows 

'^ '^ '^ 

The first in the group is "Thornfield." It is the residence of the missionary in charge 
of the Guntur taluq. It was built by Rev. A. D. Rowe, and just completed before his death. 

The second is the "Church Compound" bungalow, and is occupied by the missionary in 
charge of the Baputla and Tenali taluqs, and the Principal of the college. 

The third is the "Stokes" bungalow, the oldest in the Mission. It is the residence of 
the superintendent of the Boys' Boarding School. 



64 



Missionaries' Bungalows 

f^ ^|j^ HEi 

The first in this group is the Zenana Home in Guntur — the residence of the mis- 
sionary lady in charge of the Girls' Boarding School. It is in the compound with the 
school. It was built by Rev. A. D. Rowe and is the property of the Woman's Department. 

The second is the Medical Home, and was erected by the Women's Societies in America 
as a residence for their medical missionaries. 

The third is the bungalow as Rentachintala in the Palnad. It is the residence of the 
missionary in charge of the Palnad. It is eighty miles from Guntur. 



66 







,Tr»v 




A Hindu Lady 

'Si: '^ "i^ 

The features of the Hindu do not differ much from those of a European. The com- 
plexion is of all shades, from a light brown to black, but rarely black. There are many 
Hindu women who are strikingly beautiful. Their dress is graceful and becoming. It 
consists of a sari (a cloth) about eight yards long and a yard and a quarter wide. One 
end is gathered into folds in front and held in place by a silver, sometimes a gold, belt, 
while the other end is brought diagonally across the breast over the shoulder. When 
required this end is thrown over the head as a head covering. A ravaki (tight-fitting 
jacket) with short sleeves, reaching only half-way to the waist, is worn under the sari. 
Both men and women wear jewelry; a wealthy Hindu lady's jewels are generally very beauti- 
ful and are often very costly. They consist of "rings on the fingers and toes," dozens of 
bangles on the wrists, bands of gold and silver on the arms, rings and pendants in the nose 
and ears, chains about the neck and across the head, silver bands or chains on the ankles. 
In the case of a wealthy Hindu these jewels are often set with precious stones, that fairly 
dazzle the eyes, and are very becoming to the handsome woman vi^ho wears them. 

68 



A Hindu Child 



•^ ii: 'Up 



Hindu children are not overburdened with clothes. Generally clothing is considered 
unnecessary for little children. Their entire apparel frequently consists of a necklace, a chain 
and a few small bells attached to a string worn around the waist. Children of the wealthier 
class are often almost covered with jewels. One favorite adornment is a necklace of gold 
sovereigns or Napoleons. Occasionally a child is seen dressed in gorgeous silk. But clothes 
on small children seem out of place, and a child will not submit to the discomfort of wearing 
them for any length of time, but will fret and torment the mother or ayah until the bur- 
densome thing of a dress is removed. 



70 



Christian Village Women 

* * * 

These are well-to-do women, belonging to one of the Christian congregations in the 
Tenali taluq. The Lutheran Missions in India do not require the women when they become 
Christians to lay off their jewels. Jewelry is so universally worn by ail classes in India, 
that a woman divested of her jewels is taken for a widow. The bangles, necklaces, etc., 
worn by the poorer class are generally glass or gilt, and are very inexpensive. The people 
in the district where the women in this ilkistration live, are generally stronger and finer 
looking than in some other parts of the Mission. They live in the rice country, where 
food is not so scarce, and where they are better fed, where the land is irrigated, and as a 
consequence there is not so often failure of crops. Immediately back of this group of 
women is a leaf house, very common in Indian villages. The frame is of bamboo, on 
which are tied the long leaves of the palmyra tree. The thatched roof is of tsuppa, fodder 
or rice straw. It is very inexpensive but by no means a durable house. 



72 



A Native Wedding 

4^ * * 

Marriage is the greatest of all events in the Hindu's life. To have a brilliant wedding 
and to make a great display on the occasion is his highest ambition. Often debts are 
incurred at a wedding that involve a whole family for many years. Wedding ceremonies 
usually last for days. During the time, numerous guests , sometimes hundreds, must be 
feasted, musicians employed and amusements furnished, this in addition to jewelry and 
gold bordered cloths and turbans that are considered indispensable, go to make it a very 
costly affair. In this illustration we have a typical Chistian wedding scene. The 
groom on horseback, the bride by his side under the protection of some near male relative. 
The musicians, with tom-tom and horns, are in the crowd. The wedding party has just come 
from the church, which may be seen in the background, where the ceremony has been per- 
formed. 



74 



A Hindu Procession 



rip ip ip 



Beside the numberless minor feasts and ceremonies, the Hindus have many festivals that 
are observed annually throughout all India. These are held at some sacred river, or on 
the side of some holy mountain, and usually continue for a number of days. Thay are 
attended by immense throng's of pilgrims who have come great distances, and have often 
been weeks in reaching the sacred spot. At a certain time during the festival, idols arrayed 
in all their splendid finery are placed in cars superbly decorated in Hindu fashion and 
drawn by the surging multitude. "Music strikes up before and behind, drums beat, cymbals 
clash, the charioteer shouts and so the dense mass struggles forward by convulsive jerks, 
tugging and sweating, shouting and singing, praying and swearing." Disease and death 
often make havoc of the pilgrims to these feasts. 



76 



Idol Worship by the Roadside 

•^ ^ ■^ 

From the Himalayas to Cape Comorin the land is full of idols. In stately temples with 
domes covered with beaten gold, before rude mud barrows, containing only a rough, un- 
shapen stone, the people are bowing down and worshiping they know not what. In every 
village street, in every sordid hamlet, stand images of the Monkey god, the Elephant god, 
the Snake god or some other grotesque and uncouth monster. The man in the picture is 
offering fruit and flowers to the Snake god. Because the snake is the most dreaded, 
it is the most venerated of all animals. Fear of the dreadful and frequent evils that it 
occasions, causes the Hindu to make offerings to it and to render it adoration more than 
to any other. 



78 



A Famine Camp 

i^ r^ '^ 

The illustration shows a camp established by the Mission for the relief of the famine 
sufferers of 1900. This famine was the most severe ever known in India, involving, as 
it did, more or less severely, one hundred millions of the population. Over large areas 
there was no rain for one whole year. Of tiie hill tribes, it is said, one half were swept 
away. In some parts of the country 95 per cent of the cattle perished. When the rains 
came again men and women were hitched to the plow and took the place of bullocks. The 
generous response of the American Church to the appeal for help enabled the Guntur mis- 
sionaries to relieve, to a greater or less degree, nearly one hundred thousand people. The 
appalling calamity afTorded Western Christendom an opportunity to exhibit the essential 
spirit of Christianity such as had never occurred before. The impression made by this 
generous Christian charity upon all classes of the Hindu people was deep, and it will be 
lasting. 



80 



Famine Orphans 



One of the distressing results of a famine is the large number of children who are 
left unprovided for. When the recent famine camp in Guntur was closed it was found 
that there were many in the camp without father or mother or responsible relative. These 
the Mission was obliged to provide for. During the months following, other destitute or- 
phan children were added to those already in the Mission's care. They are from all classes. 
Many are bright and clever caste children who will be educated and trained as teachers, 
to work among caste people, and thus it is hoped to supply a long felt want in the Mission. 
Others, less promising intellectually, will be taught some industry, that will return valuable 
service to the Mission, and yield the boy or girl a comfortable support. The Christian Herald 
and other friends of the cause in America are supporting these orphan children. 



8a 








■'>• 



Orphan Boys' Home 

^ ^ :Sr 

These mud houses are in the Buys' Boarding School compound. They are the tempor- 
ary home of the orphan hoys. Until the Heyer Memorial Hall was erected, they were the 
dormitories for the boys attending the Boarding School. The walls of some of them are 
about to fall .down and they will soon be condemned as uninhabitable. From this it will 
be seen that the completion of the new orphanage is an immediate necessity. 



84 



Girls' Boarding School, Rajahmundry 

•^ i^ '^ 

This is an illustration of the building containing the study hall and the classrooms of the 
Girls' School in Rajahmundry, in the Mission of the General Council. Back of this and to 
the right is a large court, enclosed by the dormitory, prayer hall, infirmary, cook room, 
laundry and the residence of the missionary. The ntimber of pupils enrolled is 120. This 
is as many as can be accommodated. The school is full, and in a most prosperous condition, 
with a very energetic and efficient missionary in charge. 



86 



^s^. 



'J^MMr^r,, 



:?!t{iit 




Missionaries and Native Christians in Rajahmundry 

^ ^ ^ 

This group is of the missionaries and some native Christians in Rajahmundry. It was 
taken on the occasion of the tour of inspection made by Rev. F. W. Weisi<otten, who was 
sent by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Council to look into and become 
acquainted with their work in India. The inspector's visit was an occasion to be remem- 
bered in the Mission. Wherever he went tauiashas were held, and the native Church 
showed their appreciation of what they considered an honor conferred upon them. The 
sad death and burial at sea of Rev. Mr. Weiskotten on his return voyage has caused this 
picture to be much valued by the friends of the Mission. 

LofC. 



Lutheran Telugu Missionary Conference 

•^ •$! i/r 

This illustration shows the delegates to a Conference of Lutheran missionaries of the 
Telugu country, held in Guntur. This Conference meets biennially and is composed of 
representatives from the Brecklum, Hermannsburg, Rajahmundry (General Council), and 
Guntur (General Synod) Missions. The meetings continue through several days and are 
devoted to the consideration of c^uestions bearing upon practical mission work. The meet- 
ing of these representative German, Danish and American missionaries, to consider ways and 
means of advancing the kingdom of God, cannot but be of great practical benefit to the 
work. The group is seated under the spreading branches of "Father" Heyer's banyan tree, 
planted by that missionary veteran nearly sixty years ago. 



90 



South India Missionary Conference 

^ ^ ^ 

This picture represents the delegates to the Protestant Missionary Conference of South 
India, held in Madras, January 2-5, 1900. No less than thirty-five different Missions and 
societies are represented in the picture, all working in South India. These societies combined 
report the following statistics : Male Missionaries, 456 ; Female, 465 ; Native Pastors, 406 ; 
other native Christian agents, 10,144; Baptized Membership, 360,217: total Christian com- 
munity, 608,878. The countries from which these societies come are : England, Scotland, 
Prussia, Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, Denmark, Switzerland, the United States, Canada 
and Australia. 



92 



Vishnu Temple 

•^ H: rlj! 

The Seringapatam Temple is on an island in the Kaveri River, two miles north of 
Trichinopoly. It is the Vishnu Temple, erected to the worship of Vishnu, one of the three 
principal gods of the Hindus. It is the largest temple in India, extending over fourteen 
acres. The outer wall is a half mile long. It contains seven courts, one within another. In the 
inner court is the shrine containing the idol. The next court is the hall of one thousand pillars. 
Each column is cut from a solid block of granite; some are elaborately carved. The outer 
court is a bazaar where pilgrims are fed and lodged. The remaining courts are inhabited by 
Brahmins and others connected with the temple — said to be many thousand. The entire 
temple is supposed to be a counterpart of Vishnu's Heaven. 



94 



T^liB.B. 



.<;- 



^^^^-^ 






.•S^ c - " ° •» ^ 0^ • ' ' * 



■■S- ''.>. 



\ A^ 






.0' 




^^ -.. 






o 
\^ . . -** 

fe-. \^ 

,\ <, *.^T" ,G^ ^^ -« . . ' A 






•^. 









.5^"-^ 




























C 






y 





-^^ 




"-^^0^ 







•^ 
















^^"x. 
.^^ ^ 






%.^ 










.^'■>^^.. 




%■-?«?■• c/\ 


^•::s- 


\. 




-■ 




,,.- ,\^,co,.:^-.\^y 










,^-1°. 


^^'■^^ 








/. 


V "^ y °.iu -".o' ^o\ 






\/ 















A*> 



V-^. 



.4.-' 






«'"■•: 



-I* 



.V- O * 



V* 






.'. ^^, 






^'■^■'■<^. 






dobb: BROS 

OKAHY OINDINQ 









.'!i!P'^--_'. 






>^ , o " » , ■''o 









:^.' _J> 






„M,!S,S;!i,''^ OF CONGRESS 



019 613 141 3l 






